by Bernard Tiencheu, Aduni Ufuan Achidi, Bertrand Tatsinkou Fossi, Noel Tenyang, Eurydice Flore Tiepma Ngongang and Hilaire Macaire Womeni
Original Research
The aims of this study were to evaluate the functional, nutritional and sensory qualities of five Instantaneous Complementary Foods formulated from blends of fermented maize, beans, fishmeal, pawpaw, and sugar. The different ingredients -fermented maize, beans, fishmeal, pawpaw and sugar- were incorporated in the proportions of 70-10-10-5-5 for diet A, 30-50-10-5-5 for diet B, 65-15-10-5-5 for diet C, 40-40-10-5-5 for diet D and 60-20-10-5-5 for diet E, respectively. A commercial weaning food, Phosphatine® served as control. Results of the proximate analysis showed that the formulated diets contained 363.82kcal, 333.97kcal, 362.01kcal, 341.96kcal and 358.06kcal of energy for diets A, B, C, D, and E respectively; 17.88%, 23.71%, 18.61%, 22.25%, and 19.34% of protein content for diets A, B, C, D and E respectively; 58.04%, 47.11%, 56.79%, 49.87%, 55.41% of carbohydrates for diets A B, C, D and E respectively; 4.46%, 3.41%, 4.49%, 3.72%, 4.34% of fats for diets A, B, C, D and E respectively. All the formulations contained the following elements range: Zinc (0.91-2.27mg); Sodium (31.43-492 mg), Manganese (0.27-7.70 mg), Phosphorus (85.35-756.21mg), Iron (0.00-31.7 mg), Magnesium (0.00-253 mg), Calcium (0.00-419.11mg) and Potassium (201.17-1484.01mg). Sensory analysis showed ratings within acceptable limits using a 9-point hedonic scale. The bulk density values were comparable (though slightly higher) to that for the control. The water absorption capacity ranged from 2.00 to 3.30 with diet E having the highest value while diet C had the lowest and the control had the highest WAC value with 4.65. The Oil absorption capacity ranged from 2.30 for diet E to 3.00 for diet C while the commercial weaning diet had an oil absorption capacity of 2.90. The Swelling Index ranged from 0.91 (diet A) to 1.25 (diet E) while that for the control diet was 1.00. The Foam capacity values ranged between 2.83 for diet D and 7.69 for diet E, while that for the control was 13.56. The dispersibility was within the range 94.0 (diet A) and 98.0 (diet E) while the control had a dispersibility value of 171.0. Animal feeding experiments revealed that the formulated diets gave the higher weight gain compared with the control diet as well as the higher PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio) values and higher body organ weights. The study concluded that the formulated diets could be used as alternatives to the weaning foods to improve the nutritional status of children and help to prevent protein-energy malnutrition.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2016, 4(5), 149-159. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-4-5-5
Pub. Date: August 31, 2016
20530 Views5016 Downloads2 Likes
by J. B. Hussein, M. A. Usman and K. B. Filli
Original Research
A hybrid solar dryer, direct solar energy dryer and open sun drying under the climatic conditions of Yola, Nigeria was used to dry tomato slices. The effect of these drying methods on the functional and sensory quality of the dried tomatoes was examined. The functional properties of the dried tomatoes slices were significantly different (p<0.05). In open sun dried tomatoes, the bulk density ranged from 0.56 – 0.62 g/ml, water absorption index (WAI) 436.33 – 475.67 gH2O/sample, water solubility index (WSI) 6.00 – 14.00, specific volume 1.61 – 1.78 ml/g and wettability 10.33 – 13.33 s for 4 – 8 mm thick tomato samples. For solar dried tomatoes, the bulk density ranged from 0.52 – 0.57 g/ml, the WAI ranged from 412.00 – 454.00 gH2O/sample, the water solubility index (WSI) range was 12.33 – 16.67, specific volume range was 1.73 – 1.90 ml/g and wettability ranged from 5.85 – 10.63 s for 4 – 8 mm thick tomato samples. For the hybrid dried tomatoes, the bulk density ranged from 0.50 – 0.54 g/ml, the WAI values ranged from 386.00 – 436.00 gH2O/sample, the WSI 14.67 – 18.00, specific volume range was 1.84 – 1.99 ml/g and wettability 5.80 – 8.44 s for 4 – 8 mm thick tomato sample. The organoleptic properties showed that the tomatoes dried by hybrid drying method was superior in terms of acceptability test than those dried using direct solar energy and a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel tomato products. Conclusively, good quality shelf stable dried tomato slices could be produced using hybrid drying method.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2016, 4(5), 141-148. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-4-5-4
Pub. Date: August 19, 2016
16968 Views4453 Downloads
by Muneer Saif Hassan Ahmed, Mohsen Omer Kanzal and Glal Ahmed Fadhl
Original Research
When increasing the storage temperature from 27.5°C to 37.5°C the water absorption ratio of the flour is significantly increased. Besides, the average ratio of absorption of flour has increased more significantly when increasing storage period from one day to ten days, and by increasing the period of storage from ten days to thirty days, the increase is also significant. The overlap of the two factors of this study has a significant effect on this manner. There has been a significant increase in the time development of the dough at a storage temperature of 37.5°C, compared to 27.5°C. of storage. But, however, there has not been a significant effect of the storage periods or their overlapping with the temperature storage on this manner. It has been observed that the indicator of dough stability is higher when storing the flour under the temperature of 37.5°C in 4.45 minutes, compared with the stability of 2.23 minutes when storing the flour at a temperature of 27.5°C. On the other hand, increasing the period of storage from one day to ten days has led to a significant decrease in the stability of the dough, but in increasing the period to twenty days to thirty days, the high capacity of these would not reach the level of significance. The overlap, however, between these two factors has a significant effect on the stability of the dough.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2016, 4(5), 135-140. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-4-5-3
Pub. Date: August 09, 2016
20530 Views3798 Downloads1 Likes
by Asimah V.K., Kpodo F.M., Adzinyo O.A and Dzah C.S
Original Research
Interest in gluten free and partially replaced wheat products have increased in recent years, hence the need for ingredients that can replace wheat in bakery products without compromising sensory and textural characteristics. The study evaluated the effect of partially and totally substituting wheat flour and margarine with brown rice flour and peanut paste on the sensory, nutritional and textural characteristics of the cake formulations. Total substitution of wheat flour with brown rice flour, and margarine with peanut paste was to produce a gluten free product with increased nutritional value. The study followed a 2 x 2 factorial design with replacement of wheat flour by brown rice flour (partially and totally) and replacement of margarine with peanut paste (partially and totally) as factors. Cake products with partially replaced margarine rated better in taste and overall acceptability than formulations in which margarine was totally replaced with peanut paste. However the gluten free formulation with high peanut proteins had higher sensory scores for texture confirmed by results for springiness, cohesiveness and resilience. Total replacement of margarine with peanut paste significantly increased crumb hardness of cake products. The crumb hardness, cohesiveness and springiness of the cake product (B) with total margarine replacement with peanut paste but partial wheat replacement with brown rice flour was not statistically different from the control. The peanut substituted brown rice cake products had significantly higher protein, fat and fibre content than the control product. Partial and total replacement of margarine with peanut paste and wheat with brown rice flour in cake formulations notably influenced the sensory, texture and nutritional characteristics of the products.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2016, 4(5), 129-134. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-4-5-2
Pub. Date: July 14, 2016
18203 Views6045 Downloads
by H.O. AbdulAziz, M. Aminu and D. A. Machido
Original Research
Esherichia coli O157 is pathogenic strain of Esherichia coli that is known to cause diarrhoea leading to fluid loss, electrolyte imbalance and other severe complications like haemolytic uraemic syndrome. This work was therefore aimed at isolating and serologically characterising Esherichia coli O157 from human stool with the set objectives of identifying the risk factors associated with diarrhoea and determining the serological characteristics of Esherichia coli isolates. A total of one hundred and forty four (144) stool samples were collected from patients with age ranging from zero to sixty (0-60) years, statistical analysis of the risk factors showed that only zero to five years age range of the respondents had a significant statistical difference of 0.012 (P<0.05). The presumptive Esherichia coli isolates that appeared as green metallic sheen on Eosin Methylene Blue agar were picked and confirmed biochemically as Esherichia coli using Microgen biochemical test kit. The confirmed E. coli isolates were then cultured on Sorbitol MacConkey Agar and the two isolates that appeared colourless on SMAC were confirmed serologically as Esherichia coli O157 using the latex agglutination test kit. Although 1.39% prevalence rate of Esherichia coli O157 was obtained it is pertinent to note that, Esherichia coli O157 is becoming a public health threat because of the debilitating effects it has on humans and also due to its low infectivity dose. There is therefore, the need for more public awareness to educate our citizens on ways of improving on the unsanitary environment.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2016, 4(5), 125-128. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-4-5-1
Pub. Date: June 29, 2016
9643 Views3925 Downloads