by Eke-Ejiofor J., Obinna-Echem P.C., Wordu G.O. and Vito M.B.
Original Research
Complementary food from blends of orange flesh sweet potatoes (Ipomea batata) (OFSP) starch, soybean (Glycine max) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) flour was formulated and evaluated for physicochemical, functional and pasting properties. The blends of OFSP starch, soybean and groundnut flour were in the ratios of (OFSP:SB:GN): 90:5:5, 85:10:5, 80:15:5, 75:20:5, 70:25:5, 65:30:5, 60:35:5, 55:40:5, 50:45:5 for PSB1 – PSB9, while 100 % OFSP served as control. Standard analytical methods were used for all analysis. pH (4.60 – 5.69), sugar (0.71 - 3.63 %) and amylopectin (70.28 - 85.34 %) increased significantly (P≤0.05) while starch (69.09 - 87.53 %) and amylose (29.97 - 14.65) decreased with increase in soybean flour addition. Carotenoid content (11.08 – 44.60 mg/kg) will meet >200% of recommended Vitamin A requirement for infants. Bulk density, water absorption capacity, swelling power, solubility index and dispersibility ranged respectively from 0.71 - 0.83 g/ml, 0.59 - 1.35, 9.12 - 14.48, 5.57 - 9.45 and 76.00 – 80.00 %. The peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosities varied significantly (P≤0.05) from 127.5 - 7291.0, 95.3 - 4332.0, 32.3 - 2959.0, 129.0 -6159.0 and 33.79 - 1827.0 RVU respectively. Increase in pH and sugar, decrease in starch, bulk density and reduction in viscosities of the complementary food with increase in soybean flour addition is very important in achieving a near neutral and high nutrient dense gruel yet thin enough for infant feeding.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2021, 9(3), 96-104. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-9-3-5
Pub. Date: September 03, 2021
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by Anindita Saha, Sajia Sharmin and Mashrat Jahan
Original Research
The present study was undertaken to assess the system of broiler production under contractual agreement of feed mill with the small scale broiler producer in different locations of Netrokona district in Bangladesh. The study also explored the causes why broiler farmers entering in this contractual system. The study evaluates the profitability of small scale broiler producers as well as the feed mills who were engaged in contract with the farmer. The present study was based on the primary data which were collected from five feed mills who are utilizing contacts and 60 contract broiler producers using stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to estimate cost and returns of broiler farming. The study revealed that on an average, total cost of raising broiler per farm per year and per bird per batch were Tk. 10,90,389 and Tk. 175 respectively. The gross return from broiler production per farm per year and per bird per batch was Tk. 13,44,737 and Tk. 208 respectively. Net returns of broiler production per farm per year and per bird per batch were estimated at Tk. 2,54,348 and Tk. 33 respectively. Moreover, it is evident from the study that the benefit cost ratio of broiler farms was 1.23. So, it is clear from the study that production of broiler under contractual system was profitable and the contract farmers were getting benefit. On the other side, feed mill sales center who are engaged in contracts were also benefitted by keeping extra profit in all credited inputs of broiler production by practicing the system. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis was used to determine the major factors namely age, education, family size, feed cost, day old chick cost, labor cost, medicare and additives cost and training of the producer affecting the gross return of broiler production. But the main influencing factors for broiler production were feed cost, day old chick cost, medicine and vaccine cost, education and training of the broiler farmer. The study also identified some problems related to contractual system and, production and marketing system of broiler production. Finally on the basis of the findings, some recommendations were made for the development of poultry production in Bangladesh. It may concluded that with effective management, contract farming system of feed mill’s can be a means to develop production of broiler farming and marketing the output in a way that is profitable for the both farmer and the feed mill.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2021, 9(3), 90-95. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-9-3-4
Pub. Date: September 02, 2021
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by Flora J. Chadaré, Mênouwesso H. Hounhouigan, A. K. Carole Sanya, Méchak A. Gbaguidi, J. Dekpemadoha, Anita R. Linnemann and Djidjoho J. Hounhouigan
Original Research
The effect of one or two thermal treatments during pineapple juice production was evaluated on pH, vitamin C and microbiological evolution of 6 categories of juice during 12 months of storage. Three pasteurization temperatures (75°C, 80°C, 85°C) combined with one (1T) or two (2T) thermal treatments defined the juice category. Storage test consisted of green-glass bottled juices packaged in closed boxes, kept at ambient temperature. Analyses were performed each 4 months from production date (0 month). As results, the juices pH was 3.90 - 4.14 after production and no significant variation (p ≥ 0.05) occurred during storage, except for juices 80°C, 1T and 80°C, 2T at 12 month. The microbiological quality of all juices after production revealed conformity with standards. Enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria were totally absent all the time. Mesophilic bacteria and yeasts and moulds counts generally decreased in each juice during storage. The initial vitamin C content significantly (p<0.05) varied from 4.52 to 23.48 mg/100ml in the juices and so decreased through storage. Juices pasteurized at 75°C contained more initial vitamin C but their content was quickly lost. Vitamin C was more stable in the most thermally treated pineapple juices throughout storage, especially in juice 85°C, 2T.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2021, 9(3), 82-89. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-9-3-3
Pub. Date: July 30, 2021
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by Ashutosh Kumar Srivastava, Prachi Srivastava and Rajendra Pal Singh
Original Research
Cordyceps, a kind of precious natural crude drugs and edible mushrooms, were used as tonic food in East Asia area and enjoyed an extensive praise for its medicinal functions. Cordycepin exhibits various bio-activities, including anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral and immune regulation activities, and it’s been a significant focus of research. However, the preparation of high‑purity cordycepin remains challenging. Also, the molecular target with which cordycepin interacts to cause an antibacterial effect remains unknown. A simple and rapid isocratic chromatographic method (HPLC), optimum separation for (adenosine and cordycepin) analytes was achieved using the mixture of water and methanol as a mobile phase (85:15, v/v). The Photo-Diode Array Detector (DAD) WR, an auto injector, and a reverse phase column, Agilent Shield RP C18/4.6 × 150 mm, 4-micron and confirmation by LC/MSMS coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) method for simultaneous separation and determination of adenosine and cordycepin in Cordyceps sinensis (Cs) and its substitutes was developed. Selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode ([M+/H]- at m/z 136, 267 and 252) was used for quantitative analysis of above components. The linearities for the 6 substances were studied in the range between 0.001 to 0.2 mg/L and the coefficients of determination (R2) were always > 0.999. Matrix effects were also assessed by comparing the slopes obtained in solvent and matrix. The recoveries for all the substances at 3 different spike levels (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 mg/L) were in the range 70.50-108% with RSDs < 5%. The instrumental limits of quantification were in the range 0.013-0.016 mg/L, while the reporting level of the method was 0.004 mg/L for all the aforementioned compounds. The nucleoside contents of types of natural Cs and its substitutes were determined and compared with this developed method.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2021, 9(3), 76-81. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-9-3-2
Pub. Date: July 27, 2021
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by Eke-Ejiofor J., Beleya E.A. and Allen J.E.
Original Research
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed variety on soybean oil quality and quantity. Soybean oil was extracted from four different varieties obtained from three locations in Nigeria namely; Benue, Bauchi and Kaduna States. The soybean seeds were sorted, cracked, conditioned, flaked and pressed to obtain the oil. The oil was further treated with 2% distilled water to obtain the degummed oil. The oil samples were investigated for their physical, chemical and mineral contents. The physical parameters showed that the oil yield ranged between 22.79 and 24.79%, specific gravity was from 0.91 to 0.93, density 0.92 to 0.94g/m3, refractive index 1.46 to 1.47 and smoke point 230.50 to 233.50°C. Chemical analysis result showed that free fatty acid ranged from 0.28 to 0.29% with sample B (spotted variegated variety) as the lowest, peroxide value 1.77 to 1.88 meq/kg with sample D (black variety) having the highest value, saponification value ranged between 194.12 and 194.88 mgKOH/g, iodine value ranged from 104.83 to 105.07mg/100g while phosphatide ranged from 2.65 to 3.10 with sample D (black colour) having the highest value. All the chemical parameters showed no significant differences (p<0.05) except peroxide and phosphatide values. The mineral composition of the oil samples showed that Calcium ranged from 3.33 to 3.66mg/kg, Iron was from 0.23 to 0.27mg/kg, Magnesium 0.73 to 0.75mg/kg while Manganese ranged from 0.005 to 0.010mg/kg. The study revealed that soybean variety had an effect on the oil yield, specific gravity, density, color intensity, peroxide value and calcium content of the oil samples. The refractive index, peroxide value, saponification value, iodine value and iron content of the oil samples were within the permissible limits stipulated by CODEX (1999) and the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) (2019). These quality indicators are important parameters for choosing soybean variety for industrial and domestic oil production.
American Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2021, 9(3), 69-75. DOI: 10.12691/ajfst-9-3-1
Pub. Date: July 20, 2021
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